However, others acknowledge that indigenous medicine should be embraced as an important part of health care systems in indigenous communities [35]. While nationalistic disease theories explain disease in . Development of understanding in Pathogenesis The study participants attribute many ailments to withdrawal of nature spiritsFootnote 1 (e.g., qolle or quteb, wuqabi, awlia, zar and jinn) protection and wrath. He is interested in research on actinobacteria, myxobacteria, and natural products. Pain occurs when one of the substances presents either a deficiency or an excess, or is separated in the body and not mixed with others. Coronado G, Chio-Lauri J, Cruz RD, Roman YM. Another example is the initiation of men by the Abegar, a name given to male community opinion leaders who are regarded as human agents who invoke the cult as the instigator of ill-health. Culturally-based attitudes about seeking treatment and trusting traditional medicines and folk remedies are rooted in core belief systems about illness causation, i.e., naturalistic, Ayurvedic, biomedical, etc. 2nd ed. Mesfin H. Kahissay. Cultural theories of crime provide distinct frameworks to understand the influence of human agency, social forces, and peers on behavior. Epub 2016 Sep 11. Nigeria | 80 views, 8 likes, 0 loves, 1 comments, 2 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from Catalyst Specialist Health Consult CSHC: Various Cultural theories of Disease causation in Nigeria Click here to review the details. New York: The Free Press; 1994. State Department guidelines note that staff with confirmed brain injuries from the disease are eligible for over $180,000 (150,000) each. Study participants were adults over 30years of age identified by health extension workers in the area to be knowledgeable about local health traditions who were willing to participate in a conversation about their health. The outlook regarding disease causation haschanged considerably with time and advancements in science. Development over the centuries of Human Civilization concepts of disease causation remained transforming and still not reached the perfection. Germ theory emerged in the 19th Century, but it built on two notions that had earlier incarnations. Being an archipelago consisting of 7,107 islands, the Philippines has approximately 175 ethnolinguistic groups with their own unique cultural identity and health practices. Bishaw M. Attitudes of modern and traditional medical practitioners toward cooperation. Choosing among five traditions. Our study provides an excellent example of why health education and primary health care delivery interventions need to take into account what people actually do and the beliefs that drive their actions. Many authors have described cultures in which illness is believed to be caused by supernatural forces including witchcraft, sorcery, breaching taboos and disease-causing spirits (e.g., [2225]). A Seminar Work Presented to the Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Calabar. Health education and care solutions found to be effective in one system may not work as well in other settings [32]; however, some of the lessons learned from this study may be applicable to other cultural contexts with similar beliefs. Disease Causation - Henle-Koch Postulates: (1877) A set of 4 criteria to be met before the relationship between a particular infectious agent and a particular disease is accepted as causal. Germ theory was the third disease causation theory with a characteristic marking of the onset of infectious diseases conquest. Murdock G. Theory of illness. and imbalance amongfour vital "humors within us. Indigenous people often believe that Western trained doctors are not equipped to address their concerns which are can include spiritual as well as physical concerns [2]. Philosophy. Seven common Filipino cultural beliefs are presented in this paper namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. The emphasis on culture in our genetic counseling training recognizes its crucial role in molding an individual's conceptualization of health, as well as other life aspects, especially since the Filipino culture is a mixture of indigenous as well as imported and borrowed elements. According to this theory, it is important to distinguish between beliefs about the natural and supernatural causes of illness and disease. Ottawa 1986: The Fulcrum of Global Health Development. Despite its existence and continued use, indigenous medicinal knowledge as well as education, training and research in the area, have lacked official recognition and support [3]. The common types of diseases in Nigeria are; Malaria Malaria is a risk for 97% of Nigeria's population. Proceedings of the First National Conference on the Revision of National Health Policy. Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. Ogbogu PU, Noroski LM, Arcoleo K, Reese BD Jr, Apter AJ. 2022 Oct 14;19(20):13217. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192013217. Health Disparities of Cardiometabolic Disorders Among Filipino Americans: Implications for Health Equity and Community-Based Genetic Research. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. Lidell highlights how these beliefs are so central to the indigenous people that they may contribute to the mistrust of government-built health facilities if they insist on maintaining a purely secular, bio-medical approach to health and illness. First Statement of Germ Theory. J Hum Lact. Being healthy means alemelekef [not having a spell]. Published 1 October 1921. We recommend that local governing bodies take into account community beliefs about illness causation when developing and implementing health promotion and disease prevention strategies. A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs and symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury is called a disease. Only single germ is responsible for causation of a specific disease. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001. WHO. This study was carried out in ado-odo/ota lga, with a sample size of 203. [Female, Study Community # 3]. Qualitative inquiry and research design. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the In the mid-19th . According to Murdock, supernatural causes include: theories of mystical causation (i.e., fate, ominous sensation, contagion, and mystical retribution); theories of animistic causation (i.e., soul loss, and spirit aggression); and theories of magical causation (i.e., sorcery and witchcraft) [10]. Epub 2015 Feb 10. WHO. Federal Ministry of Health. He was able to use existing networks and contacts within the indigenous institutions, including traditional leaders and local health officials, thereby gaining access to a very wide cross-section of people. When we drink it, we contract worms, they twirl in the stomach and give our kids tik, tik [Stomach- ache, salivate and followed by vomiting,] [Male, Study Community # 5]. He died from Parkinson's disease in 2014, aged 85. . The move towards a new public health police. By using this website, you agree to our The culture of the Tehuledere region reflects a mix of pre-Christian indigenous beliefs, as well as Christian, Muslim and migrant Cushitic Oromo (largest ethnic groups in Ethiopia) influences. In-depth understanding of disease causation aids in planningprevention and steps to tackle the disease in a population. The second approach emphasizes the concept of multicausality and derives its popularity largely from the study of the diseases of industrialized societies. Geneva: Jossy-Bass World Wide Review; 2007. Week by week pregnancy (Baby and body development, tips), Human Cardiovascular System- Organs, Functions, Diseases, Human Heart- Location, Anatomy, Structure, Functions, Cell Organelles (Plant, Animal)- Structure, Functions, Diagrams, 16 Types of Microscopes with Parts, Functions, Diagrams, Feezer L. W. (1921). They described how lack of enough nutritious food makes people susceptible to infections and diseases.
Disclaimer. Ann N Y Acad Sci. Glory Bassey. 12. Meadows LM, Morse JM. . Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Exploring the rigging claims in Nigeria's . In 1877, Robert Koch (1843-1910) showed that anthrax was caused by a bacteria. Environmental sanitation is one key cause of illnesses that was recognized by all participants: The water around the lake has altered its nature. J Genet Couns. In our tradition people believe in qolle spirits (the spirit of individuals) is a guardian from illness and cause of illness. For the study communities, a culture of social trust was central to their identity, and they believed this was directly connected to the health of the body. Functionalists also study culture in terms of values. This ethnographic study was grounded in participant observations made by the principal investigator (MHK) working as a volunteer heath extension worker in the study area for five months between June and November, 2013. Soc Sci Med. Ideas about illness causation may include such ideas as breach of taboo, soul loss, germs, upset in the hot-cold balance of the body, or a weakening of the body's immune system. Of the 54 accidental deaths, 31 (57%) were caused by RTAs. government site. There are an estimated 100 million malaria cases with over 300,000 deaths per year in Nigeria. Waddel A, Petersen AR. Google Scholar. Learning from strangers: the art and method of qualitative interview studies. Such infections, according to the theory, were not passed between individuals but would affect those within a locale that gave rise to such vapors. Familial ectrodactyly syndrome in a Nigerian child: a case report. Each of these sub-categories will be described briefly below. 2015;29(2):12736. The current Ethiopian indigenous health strategy (the National health strategies with regard to Indigenous Solution reported in March 2015) acknowledges the need to support components of indigenous medication including recommendations to explore potential beneficial aspects [31]. Abstract Disease is an important entity in healthcare. Correspondence to Careers. Qual Health Res. These small organisms, too small to see without magnification, invade humans, other animals, and other living hosts. Firstly, the organic or physical cause of the sickness has to be established by careful examination and questioning by the medicine man. Nature spirit- in Tehuledere, is the belief in qolle or quteb, wodaja, mewokel and chele spirits that is, venerating certain natural objects as sacred and the abode of spirits. You can read the details below. The provision of culturally competent health care is an important professional issue recognized by the pioneer genetic counselors in the Philippines. Disobeying elders causes ailment. What are Demonic and divine Theory and Ecological theory of disease? Thegerm theory of diseaseis the currently acceptedscientific theoryfor manydiseases. Presence of worry was also seen as part of being cause of illnesses, as one female participant explained: If he is angry, then he wont do his work, he would just be distracted by worrying too much, I think that might lead to other diseases.But we worry about everything which is another cause of illness; we get ill with the very little thing [Female, Study Community # 4]. Keywords. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. New York: Oxford University press; 2012. Each transcript was coded line by line and these codes were organized into higher-order conceptual themes. Sections of original transcripts and key quotes considered to be illustrative of the emerging themes were translated into English to facilitate discussion with the full research team as needed, because one of the research team members, HB, was a non-Amharic speakerIndividual codes and themes were discussed at group meetings until consensus was reached on basic themes and subthemes across the focus groups and interviews. PubMed Central Pre-modern era theories of Disease causation: Religions often attributed disease outbreaks or other misfortunes to divine retribution - punishment for mankind's sins. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. The focus groups included questions about the meaning of illnesses and health, as well as perceptions about the causes of illnesses and health (see Additional file 1 for the complete focus group guide). Then we stay healthy [Female, Study Community # 4]. Alice Barrett is in hospital with myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), and cannot feed herself. Cite this article. Full Text: PDF. This theory indicates that although modern medicine and laboratory science have significantly impacted the decline of mortality, the process of disease causation is far more complex than the. Medicine finally shed the rags of dogma and superstition and put on the robes of scientific knowledge. Anthropological approaches to the study of ethnomedicine. TeleFax +91-581-2302188. Table 1 Filipino word/s depicting cultural beliefs and their English translation Full size table Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. 4. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2007. Helman (1990) presentation of lay theories of illness causation identified four sites; individual patient, the natural In other words, the spirits supposedly reside in some human beings and rituals and/or prayers need to be performed to withdraw the evil spirits impacting ordinary people through these human agents. We will also share examples on. Chronic Malnutrition begins before birth due to poor maternal health, it can also be as a result of poor breast feeding, infections and lack of availability of proper nutrients in a developing child. A. For example, if someone violated the trust of a significant other or another member of the community, they believed the consequence would be illnesses. Focus groups and interviews continued until the data in the key emerging themes were saturated (i.e., key points were repeated and no significant new information was emerging) [16, 17]. This study found that among the Tehuledere there are a wide range of perceptions regarding the causation of illness. Understanding perceptions of the causes of ill-health common in indigenous communities may help policy makers to design effective integrated primary health care strategies to serve these communities. 2022 Apr;13(2):183-191. doi: 10.1007/s12687-021-00543-2. Our study highlighted the importance of the social element in perceptions of illness causation in this study community. The researcher was also able to make substantial observations of local activities such as rituals, festivities, public gatherings involving health practices, and converse informally with community members. Sociobiology Theory of Cultural Analysis. Ali A. Interviews lasted 11.25h, were conducted in the informants private homes or while sitting in public spaces in the villages (See Additional file 1 for the complete interview guide). It is hoped that the model of illness causation identified in this study will help to enhance the rural health plan for the 5 villages of Tehuledere Woreda and beyond. The first authors (MHK) native status offered both opportunities and limitations for the study [19]. and Diagnosis He carefully reflected on how the data collection process influenced his own perceptions, and how other people respond to him. Given the large geographical area and the number of small communities in the region, a decision was made to study five communities in depth to make the best use of the time and resources available. Correlated with personalistic etiologies are the belief that all misfortune, disease included, is explained in the same way; illness, religion, and Data obtained from observations and conversations were recorded in field notes, photographs, and audio-recordings. Part of 2003;9(6):649. Weiss RS. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Epub 2021 Nov 26. The first is the monocausal view and emerges from the "conquest" of the infectious diseases. Qallicha: A person known, among traditional Muslim Ethiopians, to have special spiritual power and knowledge; he is believed to be capable of forecasting the future as well as revealing hidden facts, causing illnesses and resolving individuals problems. A qualitative ethnographic method was conducted in Tehuledere Woreda, an administrative unit in the north-east of Ethiopia [14] (see Fig. In 1890 Robert Koch proposed specific criteria that should be met before concluding that a disease was caused by a particular bacterium. 4th ed. hbbd```b`` (0
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There are 23 Kebeles (the smallest local administrative unit) administered by the Woreda, including 19 rural, 2 urban and 2 semi-urban towns. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.; 1968. Focus Group Discussions and In-depth Interviews Guide. A valuable and interesting world survey of aboriginal theories of disease causation has been made by Clements.1 The types and distributions of ithe theories which he pre-sents embrace well the main methods of interpreting disease in simpler societies; yet the basic analysis of disease causation concepts which he employs needs a little further The emphasis on culture in our genetic counseling training recognizes its crucial role in molding an individual's conceptualization of health, as well as other life aspects, especially since the Filipino culture is a mixture of indigenous as well as imported and borrowed elements. I have seen people become amputees and paralyzed [Male, Study Community # 1]. hb```DV cc`aa,z0wCV)M\yZT"dRUG>!^pJ4*IHm4
#W}Lg``T PA&cqhd' -`A=L7ppv. 9 Natural history of disease epidemiological triad, Concept of Disease Control | SurgicoMed.com, 2. unit no iii dynamic of disease, Community Health Nursing, Concept of disease. 2016 Nov;46:121-126. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2016.09.001. THEORIES CONCERNING THE CAUSATION OF DISEASE. Consequently for many indigenous people, attempts to restore wellbeing through the utilization of biomedicine must include customary affirmation of the nature-spirit intercession as a feature of the recuperation process. Erickson fills this gap by clearly explaining the basic organizing principles that underlie all medical systems, the full range of theories of disease causation, the geographical distribution of medical practices, and the historical trends that led to biomedical dominance. Various social, cultural, and religious norms produce and reinforce gender inequality and the stereotypical gender roles that underpin gender-based violence. Made with by Sagar Aryal. Park, K. (n.d.). Their growth and reproduction within their hosts can cause disease. A. Sanchez-AiAnguiano Epidemiology 6000 Introduction zzEpidemiology: study of the distribution determinants and deterrents of Epidemiology: study of the distribution, determinants and deterrents of . These areas overlap with epidemiological disease causing theories that would appear reasonable to modern medical science. Mystical causes are often attributed to experiences or behaviors such as ancestral retribution for unfinished tasks or obligations. For the followers of indigenous faith, ones health status is not balanced without the nature-spirit connection. Dime (1995:30-31) argues that the diagnosis of diseases in an African traditional healing system is a twofold event. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies and transmitted securely. In case you need help on any kind of academic writing visit website www.HelpWriting.net and place your order, Do not sell or share my personal information, 1. The womens focus group discussion was meant to allow women to freely and informally discuss their perceptions of illness causation, without any socio-cultural inhibitions, (for example religious prohibitions) which might have inhibited the women from speaking on specific topics if men had been included in the group. Miller addresses in a coherent and thoughtful way the problems faced by the Westerner who seeks to study African literature without colonizing that discourse. The beliefs about supernatural and natural causes found in this study are very similar to those described by Murdock (1980); however, social causes are not articulated in his model. Data obtained from our study indicated that the role of social prohibitions and the consequences of their violation were a key factor causing health problems in Tehuledere. The relevance of traditional medicinal cultures to modern primary health care. 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Other living hosts Fulcrum of Global health development and questioning by the Westerner WHO to! On actinobacteria, myxobacteria, and peers on behavior approximately 175 ethnolinguistic groups with their unique. Notions that had earlier incarnations of traditional medicinal cultures to modern primary health care an!