In this study we are using the Spanish version of Beck Depression Inventory-II [44], which has an excellent reliability coefficient of .92. The test-retest reliability of the BDI-II ranged from 0.73 to 0.92, which means that the scores are consistent over time. Ehlers, A., Clark, D., Hackmann, A., McManus, F., & Fennel, M. (2005). Introduction to the Beck Depression Inventory II. CBT interventions for depression generally focus on helping clients become more engaged in activities that they value and have given up since becoming depressed. From a practical standpoint, the lack of assessment tools for depression may not make available protocols for early identification of depression symptoms at primary care units. First, to determine the most appropriate BDI-II factor structure by examining several competing factor models that have been reported in previous studies. PLoS ONE 13(6): Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57(3), 355-365. Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., & Brown, G.K. (1996). Internal reliability was moderate to high for all subscales and for the total scale. Cathebras, P., Mosnier, C., Levy, M., Bouchou, K., & Rousset, H. (1994). The mean age was 27.07 (SD = 11.18). Chandra Ghosh Ippen, Ph.D., Robyn Igelman, M.A., Nicole Taylor, Ph.D., Madhur Kulkarni, M.S. Citation: Garca-Batista ZE, Guerra-Pea K, Cano-Vindel A, Herrera-Martnez SX, Medrano LA (2018) Validity and reliability of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) in general and hospital population of Dominican Republic. International Journal of Emergency Medicine, 6(2), 67-74. Cardemil, E.V., Kim, S., Pinedo, T.M., & Miller, I.W. Project administration, * E-mail: zgarcia@pucmm.edu.do, zoiloegarcia@gmail.com. Treatment also involves helping clients evaluate negative beliefs about themselves, the world, and the future that lead to them feel depressed. The reference for the manual is: Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., & Brown, G.K. (1996). (2004). The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI, BDI-II), created by Dr. Aaron T. Beck, is a 21-question multiple-choice self-report inventory, one of the most widely used instruments for measuring the severity of depression. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was twofold. Publication Date: 1988, 1993 Skorikov, V.B., & Vandervoort, D.J. As expected, t-test analysis revealed that BDI-II scores discriminated between individuals from hospital and general population. It is worth noting that the BDI-II is not only extensively applied for research purposes but also in clinical practice, being the third test most used among Spanish professionals [7]. Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a self-report questionnaire used to measure the severity of depression. The BDI has been used in numerous studies with trauma-exposed individuals. On the other hand, values lower than .06 for the RMSEA are considered optimal and lower than .08 are considered acceptable. Here are some of the limitations of the Beck Depression Inventory: The BDI has good reliability and validity. 2. (2004). Byrne, B.M., Stewart, S.M., & Lee, P.W.H. Eidhin, M.N., Sheehy, N., OSullivan, M., & McLeavey, B. 1. Psychological Reports, 94(3), 1444-1446. Furthermore, since research indicates that depression symptoms response differentially to treatment [57] the use of BDI-II global score alone as a measure to detect changes in response to treatment may obscure the impact of interventions. This population consisted of 317 females and 183 males; 91% Caucasian, 4% African American, 4% Asian American, and 1% Latino. It contains 21 items, and a patient has to rate them all on a scale to help the doctor assess his medical condition. For example, Byrne et al. The BDI has also been used with individuals with vicarious traumatization with scores on a Secondary Trauma Scale related to higher levels of depression (Motta, Newman, Lombardo, & Silverman, 2004). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. Beck Depression Inventory is an efficient and reliable psychological test for measuring the presence and severity of depression in patients. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750, Editor: Chung-Ying Lin, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, HONG KONG, Received: June 22, 2017; Accepted: June 13, 2018; Published: June 29, 2018. Learn more about accessibility at UWMadison. The wording in some items asks the respondent to compare their current state to a prior one (e.g., than usual, as ever). Or not? This depression inventory can be self-scored. Kubany, E.S., Hill, E.E., Owens, J.A., Iannce-Spencer, C., McCaig, M.A., Tremayne, K.J., & Williams, P.L. The Five to ten minutes is necessary for completing the test. "This research had the revision and approval of the National Council of Bioethics in Health/ Consejo Nacional de Biotica en Salud (CONABIOS) of the Dominican Republic. There was neither difficulty in understanding nor negative commentaries about the scale content. The BDI-II also has good convergent and discriminant validity. (2005). The purpose of the present study was twofold: (a) to examine the latent structure of BDI-II by testing several competing models proposed in the literature; and (b) to provide evidence of validity and reliability of the BDI-II in Republic Dominican. (1961). Beck Depression Inventory-II. The BDI-II has been referenced in 586 publications in peer-reviewed journal articles. The Beck Depression Inventory A study done by Boury et al. The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) is currently one of the most widely used measures in both research and clinical practice for assessing depression. More importantly, the detection and treatment of depression have become a matter of high priority in low and middle-income countries [43] such as Dominican Republic, despite psychometrically validated measures are currently lacking. Subsequent reliability analysis of the BDI-II total score and subscale scores showed acceptable to high internal consistency, with alpha coefficients ranging from .70 to .89. . If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255 for support and assistance from a trained counselor. Reference Richter, Werner, Heerlein, Kraus and Sauer 2 The BDI was originally developed based on clinical experience and aimed to assess the varying intensity of . This can be caused by big events, small events, or just being a . Measures of depression and depressive symptoms: Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) a. Interval b. Nominal c. Ordinal d. Ratio . Below is a sampling of some of these articles: Offers FREE continuing education (CE) credits and e-learning resources. The BDI-II is widely used as an indicator . Cognitive therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder. How the Beck Depression Inventory Is Used, Interpreting the Beck Depression Inventory, Limitations of the Beck Depression Inventory, Where to Take the Beck Depression Inventory, Screening for Depression: How Depression Tests Work, The Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), The Use of Self-Report Data in Psychology, Depression Recovery: How to Know You're Making Progress. Raw scores of 0 to 13 indicates minimal depression, 14 to 19 indicates mild depression, 20 to 28 indicates moderate depression, and 29 to 63 indicates severe depression. Depression and Anxiety, 19(3), 187-189. Kojima, M., Furukawa, T.A., Takahashi, H., Kawai, M., Nagaya, T., & Tokudome, S. (2002). In addition, Beck's theory is based on a triad that encompasses behavior, antecedent events and consequences. The BDI can be used, but is not limited to, persons with stroke. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. Therefore, a pilot study was first conducted to ensure that participants correctly understood the content of BDI-II items. The other pro is that it also consists of high content validity. Byrne, Stewart, & Lee (2004) examined the psychometrics of the Chinese Beck Depression Inventory-II with a sample of Hong Kong community adolescents. Completion Time:: 5 to 10 minutes; self-administered or verbally by a trained administrator. Beck's Depression Inventory This depression inventory can be self-scored. Although the measure can be used for adolescents, the norms were gathered with adults. Encephale, 20, 311-317. The original BDI, first published in 1961, consisted of twenty-one questions about how the subject has been feeling in the last week. They also found similar factor structures for both groups, providing evidence of factoral validity. including the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Pittsburgh Sleep . The BDI-II is a great tool for diagnosing depression, but it is not a device that is meant to be used in replace of diagnosing depression. 3 I am so sad and unhappy that I can't stand it. Al-Musawi, N.M. (2001). The Self-report study based on the symptoms described by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) [6], which makes measuring depressive severity possible. No, Is the Subject Area "Cross-cultural studies" applicable to this article? The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline can be reached at 1-800-273-8255, and is available 24/7. prezi.com. The BDI includes 21 items, each of which corresponds to a symptom of depression. Earlier, most psychiatrists believed that the cause of depression was related to the Freudian . Predicting self-reported depression after the onset of multiple sclerosis using genetic and non-genetic factors. Validity and Reliability. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750.s001. [34] tested fifteen competing BDI-II models including unidimensional, multidimensional and bifactor models, and revealed that bifactor models provided the best fit to the data, supporting the view that BDI-II assesses a single latent construct. Its development marked a shift among health care professionals, who had until then viewed depression from a psychodynamic perspective, instead of it being rooted in the patients own thoughts. Questionnaires and other measures are provided here solely as a courtesy to accompany our scoring code. Transl Psychiatry. Is There a Link Between Diabetes and Depression? Beck's Depression Inventory . Items are summed to create a total score, with higher scores indicating higher levels of depression. Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) Reference Beck, Ward, Mendelson, Mock and Erbaugh 1 and its revised version (BDI-II) are some of the most frequently used self-rating scales for measuring the severity of depressive symptoms. (2005). An inventory for measuring depression. We will write a custom Assessment on Beck Depression Inventory, Its History and Benefits specifically for you. Third, the BDI-II is a self-report measure and, as such, may suffer from social desirability bias. Criterion validity, severity cut scores, and test-retest reliability of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in a university counseling center sample. Scores >10 generally meet the threshold for a diagnosis of depression. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. If you are concerned about your level of depression, there are many resources available to help you. This tool, the Beck Depression Inventory, is one of the top tools used to assess a person's mental health and determine whether they are experiencing depression. The Beck Depression Inventory BDI is a 21-question, self-report rating inventory that measures characteristic attitudes and symptoms of depression. The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) is currently one of the most widely used measures in both research and clinical practice for assessing depression. Universidad Nacional d Crdoba, Crdoba, Argentina. (2004). Through principal factor analysis, they identified a single second-order dimension of self-reported depression and three first-order factors. BDI assesses key symptoms of depression including mood, pessimism, sense of failure, self-dissatisfaction, guilt, punishment, self-dislike, self-accusation . Bleiberg, K.L., & Markowitz, J.C. (2005). Dictionary . The corrected item-total correlation was also calculated for the items of each factor. The BDI-II is based on the amended Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-A). 2020 Sep 23;63(1):e91. BDI-II assesses presence and intensity of mood symptoms. Scores on BDI-II discriminated between clinical and general population, supporting for external validity. The Pros And Cons Of Gay And Lesbians. Convergent validity means that the BDI-II correlates highly with other measures of depression, such as the PHQ-9. The authors revised the BDI to be more consistent with the criteria for depression found in the DSM-IV. Enhanced priming for trauma-related material in posttraumatic stress disorder. Background: The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) has demonstrated excellent psychometric properties and good performance as a screening measure in different contexts and languages. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Bilingual participants completed both English and Spanish versions, with comparable scores across language administrations. If you are concerned about your level of depression, it is important to discuss your symptoms with a mental health professional. The total score (ranging . The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a 21-item, self-report rating inventory that measures characteristic attitudes and symptoms of depression [6]. Since Mardias kurtosis multivariate coefficient was 338.70 thus indicating a significant deviation from multivariate normality according to benchmarks [47]the Asymptotic Distribution-Free method was used for model estimation. Yes The offers that appear in this table are from partnerships from which Verywell Mind receives compensation. ERIC Educational Resources Information Center. PMID: 32962793; PMCID: PMC7681155. A pilot study of Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. Kumar, Steer, Teitelman, & Villacis (2001) examined adolescents who had cutoff scores of 21 and above. (n.d.). The BDI-II [5] is a 21-item self-report measure that taps major depression symptoms according to diagnostic criteria listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders [6]. Use of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with adolescent psychiatric outpatients. Preliminary analysis using SPSS v20 was carried out to examine outliers, missing values and to test assumptions of univariate and multivariate normality. The BDI-II is a widely used 21-item self-report inventory measuring the severity of depression in adolescents and adults. (2005). One of the most popular measures used all around the world, is the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) (Wang & Gorenstein, 2013). This method has demonstrated to be statistically more powerful for controlling Type 1 error compared to Bonferroni adjustment [52]. Pontificia Universidad Catlica Madre y Maestra, Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic, Affiliation It has been used in multiple studies, including in treatment-outcome studies for individuals who have experienced traumas. In Dominican Republic the scientific research on depression is absent [55] which may negatively impact the development of cultural sensitive evidence-based interventions. The scale can be divided into 2 subscales . [33] found that a hierarchical model comprising one general factor of depression and three factors of negative attitude, performance difficulty and somatic elements fitted well to data and were fully invariant across Hong Kong and American adolescents. For access to the measure(s), please contact the copyright holdershere. Psychological Assessment, 10, 83-89. In particular, Model 1 assumes depression as a unitary construct and, therefore, all BDI-II items were allowed to load into a single factor (Depression) [20]; Model 2 tested a two-factor model represented by cognitive-affective and somatic factors [45]; Model 3 tested the original two-factor model identified by Beck et al. Aaron T. Beck, M.D. Alexithymia and dissociative tendencies in an adolescent sample from Eastern Turkey. Psychol Assess. While Dominicans native language is the same that the language BDI-II version used in this study (i.e., Spanish), there are linguistic characteristics that may vary substantially. Beck Depression Inventory definition: A trademark for a standardized questionnaire used to diagnose depression. Website feedback, questions or accessibility issues: schneck2@wisc.edu. It is also necessary to admit that a peculiar feature of this mental . 0 I do not feel sad. Psychol Assess. Read our. This is a copyrighted measure. Construction of the Inventory. Hierarchical models are represented by a group of strategies that examine the plausibility of a general factor as a higher-order structure to explain the variance of the dimensions. (2005). doi:10.1002/acr.20556, Toenders YJ, Schmaal L, Harrison BJ, Dinga R, Berk M, Davey CG. Steer, R.A., Kumar, G., Ranieri, W.F., & Beck, A.T. (1998). Rehabilitation Psychology, 46, 195-202. They also reported good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergent validity. Individuals with chronic trauma since childhood sometimes respond by circling a zero because they do not feel worse than "usual.". Clear Lake Regional Medical Center, Webster, Texas, USA [E-mail: aofpharm420@hotmail.com] I. Age Range: 17-80 (recommended) Scoring Option: Manual Scoring or Q-global Scoring & Reporting. An inventory for measuring depression. Although they used the original BDI in this study, they suggested that results would generalize to the BDI-II given the overlap between the two. Krefetz, D.G., Steer, R.A., Gulab, N.A., & Beck, A.T. (2002). (2004). If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911. Reliability of the BDI-II with deaf persons. Universidad Arturo Michelena, Valencia, Venezuela, Affiliations The BDI-II can be administered orally by an examiner to those with reading difficulties or problems with concentration. Hopefully, this study will help to change this situation. Results from hierarchical and bifactor BDI-II models supported both models. Although buying in bulk is great for saving you money, if you have only just set up your store then you may not have the money to buy stock until a customer makes an order. 1. Author. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(10), 1225-1233. Due to the face validity of the BDI-II, underreporting and overreporting may be likely. (2005). [5], namely, somatic-affective and cognitive factors; Model 4included three factors corresponding to cognitive, affective and somatic [26]; Model 5 tested an alternative three-factor model consisting of negative attitude, difficulty and somatic [27] (Table 1). In order to assess the effect size of these differences, Cohen's d was calculated, with values around .30 considered as small effects, values around .50 as medium effects and values greater than .80 as large effects [53]. There is a short version of the BDI, the BDI-SF, which includes only the cognitive-affective subscale and has been recommended to assess depression in medical populations, with scores higher than 10 associated with moderate to severe depression. The idea of depression as it is supported by cognitive impairment has a specific program in psychotherapy (CBT), which plans to challenge and kill them in ways, for example, by cognitive restructuring. Subica et al. www.ub.uib.no/elpub/2001/h/308003/Hovedoppgave.pdf. They also interpreted their findings as suggesting that the CES-D may be more effective in non-clinical populations. Journal of Affective Disorders, 86(1), 87-91. Neal, J.A., Edelmann, R.J., & Glachan, M. (2002). This population consisted of 317 females and 183 males; 91% Caucasian, 4% African American, 4% Asian American, and 1% Latino. Second, we focused in the analysis of the latent structure of BDI-II, which is just one element of construct validity among several others [62]. 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